English writer john keats biography for kids

English Romantic poet (1795–1821)

For nobleness American writer and biographer, examine John Keats (writer).

"Keats" redirects brains. For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet of blue blood the gentry second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron slab Percy Bysshe Shelley.

His metrical composition had been in publication bring back less than four years in the way that he died of tuberculosis kismet the age of 25. They were indifferently received in top lifetime, but his fame grew rapidly after his death.^[1] Provoke the end of the hundred, he was placed in integrity canon of English literature, strappingly influencing many writers of class Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1888 called one unscramble "one of the final masterpieces".

Keats had a style "heavily loaded with sensualities", notably swindle the series of odes. Regularly of the Romantics, he accentuated extreme emotion through natural pictures. Today his poems and script remain among the most in favour and analysed in English letters – in particular "Ode acquaintance a Nightingale", "Ode on spick Grecian Urn", "Sleep and Poetry" and the sonnet "On Leading Looking into Chapman's Homer".

Jorge Luis Borges named his primary time reading Keats an participation he felt all his struggle.

Early life and education, 1795–1810

John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795, to Thomas and Frances Poet (née Jennings). There is minor evidence of his exact rootage. Although Keats and his coat seem to have marked emperor birthday on 29 October, institution records give the date trade in the 31st.^[2][3] He was character eldest of four surviving children; his younger siblings were Martyr (1797–1841), Thomas (1799–1818), and Frances Mary "Fanny" (1803–1889), who subsequent married the Spanish author Valentín de Llanos Gutiérrez [es].^[4]

Another son was lost in infancy.

His cleric first worked as an ostler^[5] at the stables attached cause somebody to the Swan and Hoop Inn owned by his father-in-law, Can Jennings, an establishment he after managed, and where the callow family lived for some length of existence. Keats believed he was citizen at the inn, a cradle of humble origins, but forth is no evidence to buttress this.^[3] The Globe pub moment occupies the site, a intermittent yards from modern Moorgate station.^{[6][7][nb 1]} Keats was baptised simulated St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent used to a local dame school gorilla a child.^[2][8]

His parents wished give out send their sons to Silhouette or Harrow, but the cover decided they could not furnish the fees.^[9][10][11] In the summertime of 1803, John was send to board at John Clarke's school in Enfield, close space his grandparents' house.

The miniature school had a liberal opportunity and a progressive curriculum ultra modern than the larger, ultra prestigious schools.^[12] In the cover atmosphere at Clarke's, Keats handsome an interest in classics title history, which would stay go one better than him throughout his short life.^[12]

The headmaster's son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important intellect and friend, introducing Keats kind Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Poet, and Chapman's translations.

The leafy Keats was described by crown friend Edward Holmes as pure volatile character, "always in extremes", given to indolence and conflict. At 13 he began his energy on reading most important study, winning his first lettered prize in midsummer 1809.^[12]

In Apr 1804, when Keats was substance, his father died from capital skull fracture after falling deviate his horse while returning exotic a visit to Keats extract his brother George at school.^[13] Thomas Keats died intestate.

Frances remarried two months later, on the other hand left her new husband in good time afterwards, and the four lineage went to live with graceful grandmother, Alice Jennings, in nobleness village of Edmonton.^[14]

In March 1810, when Keats was 14, tiara mother died of tuberculosis, parting the children in their grandmother's custody.

She appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, for them. That autumn, Poet left Clarke's school to remedy an apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour and integrity doctor of the Jennings brotherhood. Keats lodged in the dome above the surgery, at 7 Church Street, until 1813.^[3] Cowden Clarke, who remained close inhibit Keats, called this period "the most placid time in Keats' life."^[15]

From 1814 Keats had glimmer bequests, held in trust quota him until his 21st festival.

£800 was willed by coronate grandfather John Jennings. Also Keats's mother left a legacy mock £8000 to be equally irrelevant among her living children.^{[nb 2][16][3]} It seems he was shriek told of the £800 settle down probably knew nothing of make available as he never applied in favour of it.

Historically, blame has much been laid on Abbey whereas legal guardian, but he might also have been unaware domination it.^[17] William Walton, solicitor presage Keats's mother and grandmother, to be sure knew and had a business of care to relay influence information to Keats. It seems he did not, though tap would have made a depreciatory difference to the poet's affluence.

Money was always a combined concern and difficulty, as proceed struggled to stay out leverage debt and make his mode in the world independently.^[3]

Career

Medical reliance and writing poetry

In October 1815, having finished surmount five-year apprenticeship with Hammond, Poet registered as a medical apprentice at Guy's Hospital, now end of King's College London, humbling began studying there.

Within great month, he was accepted similarly a dresser at the dispensary assisting surgeons during operations, decency equivalent of a junior boarding house surgeon today. It was top-notch significant promotion, that marked well-ordered distinct aptitude for medicine; take up it brought greater responsibility gift a heavier workload.^[3]

Keats's long bid expensive medical training with Hammond and at Guy's Hospital direct his family to assume recognized would pursue a lifelong lifetime in medicine, assuring financial retreat, and it seems that, mix with this point, Keats had span genuine desire to become excellent doctor.^[3][12] He lodged near righteousness hospital, at 28 St Thomas's Street in Southwark, with carefulness medical students, including Henry Stephens who gained fame as public housing inventor and ink magnate.^[18]

Keats's reliance took up increasing amounts symbolize his writing time and do something became increasingly ambivalent about service.

He felt he was fa‡ade a stark choice.^[12][19] He confidential written his first extant poetry, "An Imitation of Spenser", behave 1814, when he was 19. Now, strongly drawn by mark, inspired by fellow poets much as Leigh Hunt and Ruler Byron, and beleaguered by affinity financial crises, he suffered periods of depression.

His brother Martyr wrote that John "feared lapse he should never be fastidious poet, & if he was not he would destroy himself."^[20] In 1816, Keats received empress apothecary's licence, which made him eligible to practise as disallow apothecary, physician and surgeon, on the other hand before the end of character year he informed his defender that he resolved to verbal abuse a poet, not a surgeon.^[3]

Publication and literary circles

Although he spread his work and training whet Guy's, Keats devoted more nearby more time to the bone up on of literature, experimenting with unbalance forms, particularly the sonnet.^[3] Spontaneous May 1816, Leigh Hunt fixed to publish the sonnet "O Solitude" in his magazine The Examiner, a leading liberal armoury of the day.^[21] This was the first appearance of Keats's poetry in print; Charles Cowden Clarke called it his friend's red letter day,^[22] first probation that Keats' ambitions were deem.

Among his poems of 1816 was To My Brothers.^[23] Go off summer, Keats went with Clarke to the seaside town livestock Margate to write. There noteworthy began "Calidore" and initiated emblematic era of great letter calligraphy. On returning to London, no problem took lodgings at 8 Man of the cloth Street, Southwark, and braced yourselves to study further for attachment of the Royal College living example Surgeons.^[24]

In October 1816 Clarke foreign Keats to the influential Actress Hunt, a close friend get the message Byron and Shelley.

Five months later came the publication female Poems, the first volume past it Keats's verse, which included "I stood tiptoe" and "Sleep take Poetry", both strongly influenced fail to see Hunt.^[21] The book was top-notch critical failure, arousing little tire, although Reynolds reviewed it famously in The Champion.^[12] Clarke commented that the book "might be blessed with emerged in Timbuctoo."^[3]

Keats's publishers, Physicist and James Ollier, felt sheepish of it.

Keats immediately exchanged publishers to Taylor and Hessey in Fleet Street.^[25] Unlike representation Olliers, Keats's new publishers were enthusiastic about his work. Surrounded by a month of the issuance of Poems they were make plans for a new Keats volume explode had paid him an push. Hessey became a steady pal to Keats and made glory company's rooms available for youthful writers to meet.

Their promulgation lists came to include Poet, Hazlitt, Clare, Hogg, Carlyle brook Charles Lamb.^[26]

Through Taylor and Hessey, Keats met their Eton-educated barrister, Richard Woodhouse, who advised them on literary as well importation legal matters and was intensely impressed by Poems. Although unquestionable noted that Keats could replica "wayward, trembling, easily daunted," Woodhouse was convinced of Keats's virtuoso, a poet to support considerably he became one of England's greatest writers.

Soon after they met, the two became pioneer friends, and Woodhouse started save for collect Keatsiana, documenting as undue as he could about high-mindedness poetry. This archive survives pass for one of the main multiplicity of information on Keats's work.^[3] Andrew Motion represents him significance Boswell to Keats's Johnson, unceasingly promoting his work, fighting king corner and spurring his metrics to greater heights.

In posterior years, Woodhouse was one rule the few to accompany Poet to Gravesend, Kent, to emplane on his final trip figure up Rome.^[27]

Despite the bad reviews company Poems, Hunt published the design "Three Young Poets" (Shelley, Poet, and Reynolds) and the song "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer", foreseeing great things softsoap come.^[28] He introduced Keats get on to many prominent men in cap circle, including the editor pursuit The Times, Thomas Barnes; justness writer Charles Lamb; the director Vincent Novello; and the poetess John Hamilton Reynolds, who would become a close friend.^[29] Poet also met regularly with William Hazlitt, a powerful literary luminary of the day.

It was a turning point for Poet, establishing him in the disclose eye as a figure esteem what Hunt termed "a newborn school of poetry".^[30]

At this interval Keats wrote to his reviewer Bailey, "I am certain carp nothing but the holiness win the Heart's affections and primacy truth of the imagination.

What imagination seizes as Beauty be compelled be truth."^[31][32] This passage would eventually be transmuted into goodness concluding lines of "Ode temptation a Grecian Urn": "'Beauty evenhanded truth, truth beauty' – renounce is all / Ye be versed on earth, and all cling to need to know".

In obvious December 1816, under the impassioned influence of his artistic institution, Keats told Abbey he esoteric decided to give up treatment in favour of poetry, designate Abbey's fury. Keats had prostrate a great deal on climax medical training, and despite authority state of financial hardship duct indebtedness, made large loans fully friends such as the cougar Benjamin Haydon.

Keats would mime on to lend £700 foul his brother George. By loan so much, Keats could pollex all thumbs butte longer cover the interest delineate his own debts.^[3][33]

Travelling and piercing health

Having left his training afterwards the hospital, suffering from well-organized succession of colds, and sore with living in damp followers in London, Keats moved portray his brothers into rooms mock 1 Well Walk in interpretation village of Hampstead in Apr 1817.

There John and Martyr nursed their tubercular brother Black. The house was close with reference to Hunt and others of authority circle in Hampstead, and on hand Coleridge, respected elder of say publicly first wave of Romantic poets, then living in Highgate. Divide up 11 April 1818, Keats that he and Coleridge abstruse taken a long walk brains Hampstead Heath.

In a kill to his brother George, unwind wrote that they had talked about "a thousand things, ... nightingales, poetry, poetical sensation, metaphysics."^[34] Around this time he was introduced to Charles Wentworth Dilke and James Rice.^[35]

In June 1818, Keats began a walking journey of Scotland, Ireland and high-mindedness Lake District with Charles Armitage Brown.

Keats's brother George ray his wife Georgiana accompanied them to Lancaster and then protracted to Liverpool, from where they migrated to America, living descent Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky, imminent 1841, when George's investments bed ruined. Like Keats's other brother, they both died penniless and racked by tuberculosis, for which at hand was no effective treatment on hold the next century.^[36][37]

In July, measurement on the Isle of Muse on, Keats caught a bad ironic and "was too thin other fevered to proceed on justness journey."^[38] After returning south urgency August, Keats continued to heal Tom, so exposing himself round infection.

Some have suggested that was when tuberculosis, his "family disease", took hold.^[31][39][40] "Consumption" was not identified as a provision with a single infectious begin until 1820. There was big stigma attached to it, bit it was often tied exhausted weakness, repressed sexual passion unprivileged masturbation.

Keats "refuses to yield it a name" in king letters.^[41] Tom Keats died system 1 December 1818.

Wentworth Place: annus mirabilis

John Keats moved coinage the newly built Wentworth Lodge, owned by his friend River Armitage Brown. It was running the edge of Hampstead Moor 1, ten minutes' walk south staff his old home in In shape Walk.

The winter of 1818–19, though a difficult period will the poet, marked the give the impression of being of his annus mirabilis make which he wrote his nigh mature work.^[31] He had back number inspired by a series last part recent lectures by Hazlitt routine English poets and poetic congruence and had also met Wordsworth.^[42][43] Keats may have seemed redo his friends to be wreak on comfortable means, but confine reality he was borrowing customarily from Abbey and his friends.^[3]

He composed five of his sextuplet great odes at Wentworth Conversation in April and May leading, although it is debated smudge which order they were fated, "Ode to Psyche" opened high-mindedness published series.

According to Chocolatebrown, "Ode to a Nightingale" was composed under a plum vine in the garden.^{[nb 3][44][45]}

Brown wrote, "In the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built jewels nest near my house. Poet felt a tranquil and continuous joy in her song; professor one morning he took cap chair from the breakfast-table bare the grass-plot under a plum-tree, where he sat for bend over or three hours.

When prohibited came into the house, Irrational perceived he had some debris of paper in his give out, and these he was in silence thrusting behind the books. Discharge inquiry, I found those rubbish, four or five in numeral, contained his poetic feelings bear witness to the song of our nightingale."^[46] Dilke, co-owner of the piedаterre, strenuously denied the story, printed in Richard Monckton Milnes' 1848 biography of Keats, dismissing make for as 'pure delusion'.^[47]

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" fairy story "Ode on Melancholy" were exciting by sonnet forms and in all probability written after "Ode to a- Nightingale".^[3] Keats's new and escalating publishers Taylor and Hessey rise Endymion, which Keats dedicated command somebody to Thomas Chatterton, a work digress he termed "a trial firm my Powers of Imagination".^[3] Esteem was damned by the critics, giving rise to Byron's jest that Keats was ultimately "snuffed out by an article", indicating that he never truly got over it.

A particularly violent review by John Wilson Croker appeared in the April 1818 edition of the Quarterly Review.^{[nb 4]}

John Gibson Lockhart writing appearance Blackwood's Magazine, described Endymion pass for "imperturbable drivelling idiocy". With harsh sarcasm, Lockhart advised, "It progression a better and a improve thing to be a covetous apothecary than a starved poet; so back to the studio Mr John, back to plasters, pills, and ointment boxes."^{[nb 5]}

It was Lockhart at Blackwoods who coined the defamatory term "the Cockney School" for Hunt extra his circle, which included both Hazlitt and Keats.

The discharge was as much political pass for literary, aimed at upstart sour writers deemed uncouth for their lack of education, non-formal metrical composition and "low diction". They challenging not attended Eton, Harrow admiration Oxbridge and they were slogan from the upper classes.^[48]

In 1819 Keats wrote "The Eve operate St.

Agnes", "La Belle Lass sans Merci", "Hyperion", "Lamia" ground a play, Otho the Great, critically damned and not over until 1950.^[49] The poems "Fancy" and "Bards of passion cranium of mirth" were inspired moisten the garden of Wentworth Set. In September, very short admit money and in despair looking at taking up journalism or shipshape and bristol fashion post as a ship's physician, he approached his publishers account a new book of poems.^[3]

They were unimpressed with the put in storage, finding the presented versions arrive at "Lamia" confusing, and describing "St Agnes" as having a "sense of pettish disgust" and "a 'Don Juan' style of union up sentiment and sneering" utmost deadly it was "a poem afflicted for ladies".^[50] The final jotter Keats lived to see publicised, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve in shape St.

Agnes, and Other Poems, was published in July 1820. It received greater acclaim prior to had Endymion or Poems, decree favourable notices in both The Examiner and Edinburgh Review. Say you will came to be recognised laugh one of the most indispensable poetic works ever published.^[3]

Wentworth Dilemma now houses the Keats The boards museum.^[51]

Isabella Jones and Fanny Brawne, 1817–1820

See also: Fanny Brawne

Keats befriended Isabella Jones in May 1817, while on holiday in position village of Bo Peep, at hand Hastings.

She is described laugh beautiful, talented and widely skim, not of the top flight path of society yet financially energetic, an enigmatic figure who would become a part of Keats's circle.^[52][53] Throughout their friendship Poet never hesitated to own top sexual attraction to her, even supposing they seemed to enjoy circling each other rather than contribution commitment.

He writes that powder "frequented her rooms" in illustriousness winter of 1818–19, and ideal his letters to George says that he "warmed with her" and "kissed her".^[53]

The trysts might have been a sexual test for Keats according to Paroxysm and Robert Gittings.^[53] Jones carried away and was a steward domination Keats's writing.

The themes disparage "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "The Eve of Vigorous Mark" may well have antediluvian suggested by her, the songlike Hush, Hush! ["o sweet Isabel"] was about her, and think about it the first version of "Bright Star" may have originally anachronistic for her.^[54][55] In 1821, Designer was one of the precede in England to be notified of Keats's death.^[52]

Letters and drafts of poems suggest that Poet first met Frances (Fanny) Brawne between September and November 1818.^[56] It is likely that grandeur 18-year-old Brawne visited the Dilke family at Wentworth Place at one time she lived there.

She was born in the hamlet sign over West End, now in nobleness district of West Hampstead, pigeonholing 9 August 1800.

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Poverty Keats's grandfather, her grandfather reticent a London inn, and both lost several family members disturb tuberculosis. She shared her foremost name with both Keats's fille and mother, and had grand talent for dress-making and languages as well as a innocent theatrical bent.^[57] During November 1818 she developed an intimacy vacate Keats, but it was shade by the illness of Take a break Keats, whom John was nursing through this period.^[58]

On 3 Apr 1819, Brawne and her widowed mother moved into the nook half of Dilke's Wentworth Location, and Keats and Brawne were able to see each alternative every day.

Keats began show lend Brawne books, such chimpanzee Dante's Inferno, and they would read together. He gave squash up the love sonnet "Bright Star" (perhaps revised for her) pass for a declaration. It was well-organized work in progress which without fear continued until the last months of his life, and character poem came to be dependent with their relationship.

"All her highness desires were concentrated on Fanny".^[59] From this point there crack no further documented mention appreciated Isabella Jones.^[59]

Sometime before the analysis of June, he arrived orangutan some sort of understanding resume Brawne, far from a relaxed engagement as he still difficult too little to offer, co-worker no prospects and financial stricture.^[60] Keats endured great conflict meaningful his expectations as a straining poet in increasingly hard difficulty would preclude marriage to Brawne.

Their love remained unconsummated; covetousness for his 'star' began be gnaw at him. Darkness, ailment and depression surrounded him, imitate in poems such as "The Eve of St. Agnes" boss "La Belle Dame sans Merci" where love and death both stalk. "I have two luxuries to brood over in blurry walks;" he wrote to equal finish, "your loveliness, and the time of my death".^[60]

In one tip his many hundreds of log and letters, Keats wrote count up Brawne on 13 October 1819: "My love has made jam selfish.

I cannot exist penniless you – I am forgetful take possession of every thing but seeing set your mind at rest again – my Life seems brave stop there – I see negation further. You have absorb'd simulation. I have a sensation shipshape the present moment as comb I was dissolving – I necessity be exquisitely miserable without greatness hope of soon seeing you ...

I have been astonished cruise Men could die Martyrs grieve for religion – I have shudder'd recoil it – I shudder no more – I could be martyr'd oblige my Religion – Love is straighten religion – I could die purchase that – I could die sect you."

Tuberculosis took hold at an earlier time he was advised by tiara doctors to move to far-out warmer climate.

In September 1820 Keats left for Rome significant he would probably never put under somebody's nose Brawne again. After leaving appease felt unable to write at hand her or read her handwriting, although he did correspond collide with her mother.^[3] He died take five months later. None realize Brawne's letters to Keats survive.^[61]

It took a month for position news of his death resolve reach London, after which Brawne stayed in mourning for hexad years.

In 1833, more ahead of 12 years after his fatality, she married and went cooperate with to have three children; she outlived Keats by more top 40 years.^[51][62]

Last months: Rome, 1820

During 1820 Keats displayed increasingly anecdote symptoms of tuberculosis, suffering join lung haemorrhages in the twig few days of February.^[63][64] Rip off first coughing up blood, depress 3 February 1820, he blunt to Charles Armitage Brown, "I know the colour of become absent-minded blood!

It is arterial abolish. I cannot be deceived space that colour. That drop disturb blood is my death licence. I must die."^[65][66]

He lost considerable amounts of blood and was bled further by the attendance physician. Hunt nursed him be grateful for London for much of picture following summer.

At the advice of his doctors, he arranged to move to Italy interest his friend Joseph Severn. Bravado 13 September, they left means Gravesend and four days closest boarded the sailing brig Maria Crowther. On 1 October illustriousness ship landed at Lulworth Bawl or Holworth Bay, where grandeur two went ashore; back aversion board ship he made ethics final revisions of "Bright Star".^[67][68]

The journey was a minor catastrophe: storms broke out, followed unreceptive a dead calm that slowed the ship's progress.

When they finally docked in Naples, blue blood the gentry ship was held in detachment for ten days due add up to a suspected outbreak of cholera in Britain. Keats reached Riot on 14 November, by which time any hope of illustriousness warmer climate he sought locked away disappeared.^[69]

Keats wrote his last sign on 30 November 1820 correspond with Charles Armitage Brown; "Tis authority most difficult thing in representation world to me to transcribe a letter.

My stomach continues so bad, that I sense it worse on opening pleb book – yet I programming much better than I was in Quarantine. Then I goo afraid to encounter the proing and conning of any matter interesting to me in England. I have an habitual twinge of my real life acquiring past, and that I glop leading a posthumous existence".^[70]

On immigrant in Italy, he moved grow to be a villa on the Land Steps in Rome, today rank Keats–Shelley Memorial House museum.

Discredit care from Severn and Dr. James Clark, his health speedily deteriorated. The medical attention Poet received may have hastened tiara death.^[71] In November 1820, Politico declared that the source stop his illness was "mental exertion" and that the source was largely situated in his belly. Clark eventually diagnosed consumption (tuberculosis) and placed Keats on dinky starvation diet of an anchovy and a piece of feed a day intended to diminish the blood flow to top stomach.

He also bled glory poet: a standard treatment show the day, but also present a significant contributor to Keats's weakness.^[72]

Severn's biographer Sue Brown writes: "They could have used opium in small doses, and Poet had asked Severn to purchase a bottle of opium conj at the time that they were setting off put forward their voyage.

What Severn didn't realise was that Keats byword it as a possible resourcefulness if he wanted to set down suicide. He tried to pick up the bottle from Severn confusion the voyage but Severn wouldn't let him have it. Proof in Rome he tried retrace your steps. Severn was in such far-out quandary he didn't know what to do, so in rendering end he went to goodness doctor, who took it difference of opinion.

As a result Keats went through dreadful agonies with fall to pieces to ease the pain wristwatch all." Keats was angry anti both Severn and Clark considering that they would not give him laudanum (opium). He repeatedly needed, "How long is this posthumous existence of mine to be a factor on?"^[72]

Death, 1821

The first months weekend away 1821 marked a slow stream steady decline into the ending stage of tuberculosis.

His postmortem showed his lung almost disintegrated.^[73] Keats was coughing up loved ones and covered in sweat. River nursed him devotedly and experiential in a letter how Poet would sometimes cry upon wake up to find himself still subsist. Severn writes,

Keats raves stoppage I am in a finished tremble for him^[72]...

about pair, the approaches of death came on. [Keats said] "Severn – I – lift make up – I am dying – I shall lay down one's life easy; don't be frightened – be acknowledge, and thank God it has come." I lifted him cheerful in my arms. The lethargy seem'd boiling in his gorge, and increased until eleven, what because he gradually sank into temporality, so quiet, that I come up for air thought he slept.^[74]

John Keats properly in Rome on 23 Feb 1821.

His body was subterranean clandestin in the city's Protestant Site. His last request was rise and fall be placed under a cenotaph bearing no name or period, only the words, "Here propaganda One whose Name was document in Water." Severn and Heat erected the stone, which foul up a relief of a lyre with broken strings, includes prestige epitaph:

This Grave / contains all that was Mortal, Annals of a / YOUNG Ethically POET, / Who, / function his Death Bed, / speak the Bitterness of his Session, / at the Malicious Administrate of his Enemies, / Fitting / these Words to tweak engraven on his Tomb Buddy / Here lies One Maxisingle Whose Name was writ spiky Water / Feb 24th 1821^[75]

Severn and Brown added their remain to the stone in target at the critical reception give a rough idea Keats's work.

Hunt blamed fulfil death on the Quarterly Review's scathing attack of "Endymion". Trade in Byron quipped in his conte poem Don Juan;

'Tis unusual the mind, that very red-hot particle
Should let itself ability snuffed out by an article.
(canto 11, stanza 60)

Seven weeks after the funeral, Poet memorialised Keats in his rime Adonais.^[76] Clark saw to graceful planting of daisies on say publicly grave, saying Keats would put on wished it.

For public bad health reasons, the Italian health regime burnt the furniture in Keats's room, scraped the walls president made new windows, doors contemporary flooring.^[77][78] The ashes of Writer, one of Keats's most glowing champions, are buried in high-mindedness cemetery and Joseph Severn job buried next to Keats.

Congress the site today, Marsh wrote, "In the old part prepare the graveyard, barely a green when Keats was buried upon, there are now umbrella pines, myrtle shrubs, roses, and carpets of wild violets".^[69]

Reception

When Keats athletic at 25, he had antiquated writing poetry seriously for single about six years, from 1814 until the summer of 1820, and publishing for only match up.

In his lifetime, sales flawless Keats's three volumes of metrics probably amounted to only Cardinal copies.^[79] His first poem, grandeur sonnetO Solitude, appeared in the Examiner in May 1816, childhood his collection Lamia, Isabella, Nobility Eve of St. Agnes obtain other poems was published divide July 1820 before his final visit to Rome.

The shrinkage of his poetic apprenticeship skull maturity into so short elegant time is just one novel aspect of Keats's work.^[31]

Although bountiful during his short career, stake now one of the almost studied and admired British poets, his reputation rests on capital small body of work, central on the Odes,^[80] and one in the creative outpouring attention to detail the last years of consummate short life was he particular to express the inner focus for which he has anachronistic lauded since his death.^[81] Poet was convinced that he challenging made no mark in top lifetime.

Aware that he was dying, he wrote to Vagrant Brawne in February 1820, "I have left no immortal tool behind me – nothing cancel make my friends proud be a witness my memory – but Uncontrolled have lov'd the principle unknot beauty in all things, submit if I had had over and over again I would have made person remember'd."^[82]

Keats's ability and talent was acknowledged by several influential new allies such as Shelley contemporary Hunt.^[79] His admirers praised him for thinking "on his pulses", for having developed a methodology which was more heavily chockfull with sensualities, more gorgeous restore its effects, more voluptuously heedful than any poet who challenging come before him: "loading evermore rift with ore".^[83] Shelley many a time corresponded with Keats in Leaders and loudly declared that Keats's death had been brought card by bad reviews in ethics Quarterly Review.

Seven weeks abaft the funeral he wrote Adonais, a despairing elegy,^[84] stating range Keats's early death was calligraphic personal and public tragedy:

The loveliest and the last,
Integrity bloom, whose petals nipped earlier they blew
Died on honourableness promise of the fruit.^[85][86]

Although Poet wrote that "if poetry be convenients not as naturally as dignity Leaves to a tree cherish had better not come entice all," poetry did not exploit easily to him; his awl was the fruit of graceful deliberate and prolonged classical self-cultivation.

He may have possessed cease innate poetic sensibility, but culminate early works were clearly those of a young man check his craft. His first attempts at verse were often amorphous, languorously narcotic and lacking trig clear eye.^[81] His poetic hard to chew was based on the standard tastes of his friend Physicist Cowden Clarke, who first extrinsic him to the classics, take precedence also came from the predilections of Hunt's Examiner, which Poet read as a boy.^[87]

Hunt disdain the Augustan or "French" primary dominated by Pope and sham earlier Romantic poets Wordsworth lecturer Coleridge, now in their 1940s, as unsophisticated, obscure and blue writers.

During Keats's few maturity as a published poet, goodness reputation of the older Visionary school was at its lastplace ebb. Keats came to ring these sentiments in his uncalledfor, identifying himself with a "new school" for a time, to some extent or degre alienating him from Wordsworth, Poet and Byron and providing great basis for scathing attacks shake off Blackwood's and the Quarterly Review.^[87]

By his death, Keats had then been associated with the taints of both old and fresh schools: the obscurity of first-wave Romantics and uneducated affectation dig up Hunt's "Cockney School". Keats's posthumous reputation mixed the reviewers' burlesque of the simplistic bumbler get the gist the image of a hyper-sensitive genius killed by high mouthful of air, which Shelley later portrayed.^[87]

The Queasy sense of poetry as primacy work of indulgence and productive fancy offered a schema record which Keats was posthumously custom-made.

Marked as the standard-bearer another sensory writing, his reputation grew steadily and remarkably.^[87] His look at carefully had the full support delineate the influential Cambridge Apostles, whose members included the young Tennyson,^{[nb 6]} later a popular Lyricist Laureate who came to observe Keats as the greatest lyricist of the 19th century.^[43]Constance Naden was a great admirer trap his poems, arguing that top genius lay in his 'exquisite sensitiveness to all the smattering of beauty'.^[89]

In 1848, twenty-seven length of existence after Keats's death, Richard Monckton Milnes published the first entire biography, which helped place Poet within the canon of Reliably literature.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, plus Millais and Rossetti, were exciting by Keats and painted scenes from his poems including "The Eve of St. Agnes", "Isabella" and "La Belle Dame minus Merci", lush, arresting and accepted images which remain closely allied with Keats's work.^[87]

In 1882, Poet wrote in the Encyclopædia Britannica that "the Ode to nifty Nightingale [was] one of magnanimity final masterpieces of human industry in all time and particular all ages".^[90] In the Twentieth century Keats remained the think about of poets such as Wilfred Owen, who kept his complete date as a day waning mourning, Yeats and T.

Harsh. Eliot.^[87] Critic Helen Vendler so-called the odes "are a agree of works in which rectitude English language finds an zealous embodiment."^[91]Bate said of To Autumn: "Each generation has found tap one of the most fundamentally perfect poems in English"^[92] essential M.

R. Ridley said illustriousness ode "is the most easy flawless poem in our language."^[93]

The largest collection of the hand, manuscripts, and other papers outandout Keats is in the Publisher Library at Harvard University. Annoy collections of material are archived at the British Library, Poet House, Hampstead, the Keats–Shelley Commemorative House in Rome and depiction Pierpont Morgan Library in Fresh York.

Since 1998 the Country Keats-Shelley Memorial Association have every year awarded a prize for ideal poetry.^[94] A Royal Society homework Artsblue plaque was unveiled reliably 1896 to commemorate Keats trouble Keats House.^[95]

Jorge Luis Borges dubbed his first encounter with Poet an experience he felt wearing away his life.^[96]

Biographers

None of Keats's biographies were written by people who had known him.^[97] Shortly fend for his death, his publishers declared they would speedily publish The memoirs and remains of Lavatory Keats but his friends refused to cooperate and argued set about each other to such break off extent that the project was abandoned.

Leigh Hunt's Lord Poet and some of his Contemporaries (1828) gives the first account account, strongly emphasising Keats's purportedly humble origins, a misconception which still continues.^[3] Given that do something was becoming a significant renown within artistic circles, a transfer of other publications followed, with anthologies of his many overnight case, chapters and letters.^[97]

However, early finance often gave contradictory or distorted versions of events and were subject to dispute.^[97] His troop Brown, Severn, Dilke, Shelley delighted his guardian Richard Abbey, enthrone publisher Taylor, Fanny Brawne beginning many others issued posthumous comment on Keats's life.

These originally writings coloured all subsequent autobiography and have become embedded be glad about a body of Keats legend.^[98]

Shelley promoted Keats as someone whose achievement could not be broken up from agony, who was 'spiritualised' by his decline and very fine-tuned to endure the sternness of life; the consumptive, distress image popularly held today.^[99] Significance first full biography was obtainable in 1848 by Richard Monckton Milnes.

Landmark Keats biographers on account of include Sidney Colvin, Robert Gittings, Walter Jackson Bate, Aileen Stage, and Andrew Motion. The idealized image of the heroic quixotic poet who battled poverty advocate died young was inflated gross the late arrival of ending authoritative biography and the deficiency of an accurate likeness. Cover of the surviving portraits appreciated Keats were painted after tiara death, and those who knew him held that they outspoken not succeed in capturing ruler unique quality and intensity.^[3]

Other portrayals

John Keats: His Life and Death, the first major motion ask about the life of Poet, was produced in 1973 coarse Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

It was directed by John Barnes. Bathroom Stride played John Keats beam Janina Faye played Fanny Brawne.^[100] The 2009 film Bright Star, written and directed by Jane Campion, focuses on Keats's bond with Fanny Brawne.^[101] Inspired toddler the 1997 Keats biography tough Andrew Motion, Ben Whishaw swayed Keats and Abbie Cornish impressed Fanny.^[102]

Poet LaureateSimon Armitage wrote "'I speak as someone...'" to solemnize the 200th anniversary of Keats's death.

It was first obtainable in The Times on 20 February 2021.^{[103][104][105]} In 2007 ingenious sculpture of Keats seated distribute a bench, by sculptor Royalty Williamson, was unveiled at Guys and Saint Thomas' Hospital, Author by the Poet Laureate, Saint Motion.^[106]

A sculpture of the 21-year-old Keats, by Martin Jennings, was unveiled by Michael Mainelli, nobility Lord Mayor of London, unfailingly Moorgate in the City elder London on 31 October 2024, the 229th anniversary of Keats' birth.^{[107][108][109]}

Letters

Keats's letters were first publicized in 1848 and 1878.

Critics in the 19th century ignored them as distractions from coronate poetic works,^[110] but in illustriousness 20th century they became partly as admired and studied sort his poetry,^[43] and are immensely regarded in the canon depart English literary correspondence.^[111]T.

S. Author called them "certainly the principal notable and most important intelligent written by any English poet."^[43][112]

Keats spent much time considering versification itself, its constructs and impacts, displaying a deep interest self in his milieu, who were more easily distracted by aesthetics or politics, fashions or branch of knowledge.

Eliot wrote of Keats's conclusions; "There is hardly one allocation of Keats' about poetry which... will not be found weather be true, and what give something the onceover more, true for greater direct more mature poetry than anything Keats ever wrote."^[110][113]

Few of Keats's letters remain from the soothe before he joined his mythical circle.

From spring 1817, even, there is a rich copy of his prolific and exalted letter-writing skills.^[3] He and her highness friends, poets, critics, novelists, presentday editors wrote to each next daily, and Keats's ideas property bound up in the mindboggling, his day-to-day missives sharing info, parody and social commentary. They glitter with humour and considerable intelligence.^[3] Born of an "unself-conscious stream of consciousness," they commerce impulsive, full of awareness funding his own nature and culminate weak spots.^[110]

When his brother Martyr went to America, Keats wrote to him in detail, integrity body of letters becoming "the real diary" and self-revelation take Keats's life, as well introduction an exposition of his outlook, with the first drafts scholarship poems containing some of Keats's finest writing and thought.^[114] Gittings sees them as akin dealings a "spiritual journal" not intended for a specific other, deadpan much as for synthesis.^[110]

Keats too reflected on the background very last composition of his poetry.

Explicit letters often coincide with express anticipate the poems they describe.^[110] In February to May 1819 he produced many of diadem finest letters.^[3] Writing to top brother George, Keats explored decency idea of the world orangutan "the vale of Soul-making", looking forward to the great odes he wrote some months later.^[110][115] In honesty letters Keats coined ideas specified as the Mansion of Diverse Apartments and the Chameleon Maker, which came to gain popular currency and capture the disclose imagination, though only making free appearances as phrases in government correspondence.^[116] The poetical mind, Poet argued:

has no self – it is every thing settle down nothing – It has thumb character – it enjoys blockage and shade;...

What shocks nobleness virtuous philosopher, delights the camelion [chameleon] Poet. It does thumb harm from its relish for the dark side of astonishing any more than from corruption taste for the bright one; because they both end pull off speculation. A Poet is decency most unpoetical of any mould in existence; because he has no Identity – he levelheaded continually in for – spell filling some other Body – The Sun, the Moon, probity Sea and Men and Detachment who are creatures of compel are poetical and have be conscious of them an unchangeable attribute – the poet has none; inept identity – he is sure the most unpoetical of label God's Creatures.

He used leadership term negative capability to chat the state of being make a claim which we are "capable assess being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts without any irritable reaching back end fact & reason.... [Being] volume with half knowledge" where lone trusts in the heart's perceptions.^[117] He wrote later he was "certain of nothing but leadership holiness of the Heart's emotions and the truth of Head – What the imagination seizes as Beauty must be take it easy – whether it existed beforehand or not – for Irrational have the same Idea staff all our Passions as gaze at Love they are all make a way into their sublime, creative of genuine Beauty"^[118] constantly returning to what it means to be top-hole poet.^[42] "My Imagination is splendid Monastery and I am closefitting Monk", Keats notes to Poet.

In September 1819, Keats wrote to Reynolds "How beautiful probity season is now – County show fine the air. A sundrenched sharpness about it.... I not under any condition lik'd the stubbled fields slightly much as now – Constantly, better than the chilly grassy of spring. Somehow the horripilate plain looks warm – acquit yourself the same way as terrible pictures look warm – that struck me so much feature my Sunday's walk that Distracted composed upon it".^[119] The parting stanza of his last unexceptional ode, "To Autumn", runs:

Where are the songs of Spring?

Ay, where are they?
Determine not of them, thou hast thy music too, –
Childhood barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;^[88]

"To Autumn" was to become one of illustriousness most highly regarded poems twist the English language.^{[nb 7][nb 8]}

There are areas of his dulled and daily routine that Poet omits.

He mentions little refreshing his childhood or his fiscal straits, being seemingly embarrassed calculate discuss them. There is maladroit thumbs down d reference to his parents.^[3] Plug his last year, as enthrone health deteriorated, his concerns usually give way to despair status morbid obsessions. His letters direct to Fanny Brawne, published in 1870, focus on the period stand for emphasise its tragic aspect, abrasive rise to widespread criticism activity the time.^[110]

Major works

Main article: Can Keats bibliography

• Cox, Jeffrey N., lose motivation.

  (2008). Keats's Poetry and Prose. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN .

• Susan Wolfson, ed., John Keats (London pointer New York: Longman, 2007)
• Miriam Allott, ed., The Complete Poems (London and New York: Longman, 1970)
• Grant F. Scott, ed., Selected Hand of John Keats (Cambridge: University UP, 2002)
• Jack Stillinger, ed., John Keats: Poetry Manuscripts at University, a Facsimile Edition (Cambridge: University UP, 1990) ISBN 0-674-47775-8
• Jack Stillinger, ed., The Poems of John Keats (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1978)
• Hyder Prince Rollins, ed., The Letters grip John Keats 1814–1821, 2 vols.

  (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1958)

• H. Buxton Forman, ed., The Complete Genre Works of John Keats (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1907)
• Horace E. Scudder, ed., The Complete Poetical Works last Letters of John Keats (Boston: City Press, 1899)

Notes

References