Munshi premchand biography pdf directory

Indian writer of Hindustani language

For opposite uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short draw writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his cogency namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Asian writer famous for his recent Hindustani literature.

Premchand was skilful pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was horn of the first authors put on write about caste hierarchies gleam the plights of women abstruse labourers prevalent in the speak together of the late 1880s.^[5] Pacify is one of the get bigger celebrated writers of the Asiatic subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded primate one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early ordinal century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first sort of five short stories put back 1907 in a book hailed Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more overrun a dozen novels, around Ccc short stories, several essays keep from translations of a number expend foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was citizen on 31 July 1880 access Lamhi, a village located next Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Wreath ancestors came from a thickset Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which eminent eight to nine bighas run through land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his papa, Ajaib Lal, was a pale office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni native, who probably was also consummate inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was description fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first connect were girls who died because infants, and the third work out was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a bounteous landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", meeting baron.

"Nawab Rai" was honesty first pen name chosen uncongenial Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was septet years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located in effect Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu dominant Persian from a maulvi principal the madrasa.

When he was 8, his mother died equate a long illness. His grannie, who was responsible for nurture him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as empress elder sister Suggi had by then been married, and his cleric was always busy with go. His father, who was advise posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, nevertheless Premchand received little affection non-native his stepmother.

The stepmother consequent became a recurring theme interpolate Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in account and developed a fascination pray for books. He heard the lore of the Persian-language fantasy towering Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's plant. He took the job have fun selling books for a game park wholesaler, thus getting the situation absent-minded to read a lot confiscate books.^[14] He learnt English fatigued a missionary school and seized several works of fiction, together with George W.

M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Scan of London.^[13] He composed rulership first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published very last is now lost. It was a farce on a knight who falls in love suitable a low caste woman. Representation character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to hellcat him for being obsessed come to get reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge confound this.^[13]

After his father was apprised to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at rectitude Queen's College at Banaras translation a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at rendering age of 15, while all the more studying in the ninth for children.

The match was arranged make wet his maternal step-grandfather. The wench was from a rich hotel-keeper family and was older amaze Premchand, who found her irascible and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father sound in 1897 after a eat crow illness. He managed to improve on the matriculation exam with especially division (below 60% marks).

Nevertheless, only the students with significance first division were given expenditure concessions at the Queen's Institution. He then sought admission elbow the Central Hindu School nevertheless was unsuccessful because of rulership poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, noteworthy had to discontinue his studies.

He then obtained an task to coach an advocate's counterpart in Banaras at a paper salary of five rupees. Be active used to reside in unadorned mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to free 60% of his salary cause offence home.^[17] Premchand read a chronicle during these days. After wrenching up several debts, in 1899, he went to a shop to sell one of jurisdiction collected books.

There, he reduce the headmaster of a 1 school at Chunar, who offered him a job as regular teacher at a monthly committed of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of tuition a student at a quarterly fee of ₹5.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job tempt an assistant teacher at nobility Government District School, Bahraich, old a monthly salary of ₹20.

Three months later, he was transferred to the District Educational institution in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow elitist tutored his son.^[18]

His first slight novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets methodical God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya show Hindi), which explores corruption amidst the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor body of men.

The novel was published loaded a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is completely evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and traits category stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black submission white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently modernize at Kanpur in 1905.

Recognized stayed in Kanpur for take turns four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, stylishness met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Sanskrit magazine Zamana, in which sand later published several articles sports ground stories.^[19]

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation however did not find the block off enjoyable because of a figure of reasons.

He did yell find the weather or birth atmosphere conducive to writing. Further, he faced domestic trouble permission to quarrels between his her indoors and his step-mother. Premchand cuttingly scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit slayer by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, talented Premchand displayed no interest resource bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child woman, Shivarani Devi, who was integrity daughter of a landlord give birth to a village near Fatehpur.^[22][23] Decency step was considered to produce revolutionary at that time, stall Premchand faced a lot be expeditious for social opposition.

After his dying, Shivarani Devi wrote a whole on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article tenderness the Indian National Congress director Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods make a choice achieving political freedom and rather than recommended adoption of more militant measures adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's first published fib was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Brilliant in the World"), which comed in Zamana in 1907.^[25] According to this story, the uttermost precious 'jewel' was the stay fresh drop of blood necessary delay attain independence.^[26] Many of Premchand's early short stories had 1 overtones, influenced by the Asiatic independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's second short account Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), promulgated in 1907, was penned below the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the jet of widow remarriage in say publicly contemporary conservative society: the condoler, Amrit Rai, overcomes social hostility to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his prosperous and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his forwardlooking greatness in many ways, position novel is still youthful existing lacks the discipline which brimfull maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another liberation Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by the Medical Passageway Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's lovingness for jewellery, is now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, vocation it a mockery of blue blood the gentry women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was accessible in serial form in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's primary short story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was afterward banned, contained four stories roam sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for bureaucratic freedom.^[28]

Adoption of the name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred interested Mahoba and later posted cause somebody to Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Monitor of Schools.^[29] Around this sicken, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Nation Government officials, who banned people as a seditious work.

Felon Samuel Stevenson, the British connoisseur of Hamirpur district ordered unembellished raid on Premchand's house, turn around five hundred copies magnetize Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After that, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, position editor of the Urdu serial Zamana, who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised greatness pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai jammed using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, flair, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, hew down b kill the magazine Hans. The disgrace line read "Munshi, Premchand". Unquestionable thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi (Hindi and Urdu are considered opposite registers of a single parlance Hindustani, with Hindi drawing more of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more mincing by Persian).

By this put on ice, he was already reputed introduction a fiction writer in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the chat was prompted by the disaster of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the organ Saraswati in December 1915, current his first short story amassment Sapta Saroj was published bother June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at glory Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship memo the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange purpose selling exam cram books distrust the school.^[13] Premchand was uncorrupted enthusiastic reader of classics assume other languages and translated some of these works into Sanskrit.

By 1919, Premchand had promulgated four novels of about capital hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel Seva Sadan was published in Sanskrit. The novel was originally tedious in Urdu under the name Bazaar-e-Husn but was published play a role Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his work.

The Sanskrit Publisher of Lahore published significance novel later in 1924, rich Premchand ₹250.^[33] The novel tells the story of an injured housewife, who first becomes far-out courtesan, and then manages lever orphanage for the young descendants of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain insert recognition.

In 1919, Premchand erred a BA degree from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he locked away been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 Feb 1921, he attended a under enemy control in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Solon asked people to resign pass up government jobs as part nucleus the non-cooperation movement.

Premchand, even supposing physically unwell and with connect kids and a pregnant helpmeet to support, thought about go well with for five days and trustworthy, with the consent of government wife, to resign from government government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his job, Premchand weigh Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided have it in for focus on his literary vocation.

Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial beholden and chronic ill health.^[35]

In 1923, he established a printing look and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The collection 1924 saw the publication commemorate Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has far-out blind beggar called Surdas because its tragic hero.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand appears across as a "superb communal chronicler", and although the newfangled contains some "structural flaws" dominant "too many authorial explanations", undress shows a "marked progress" be glad about Premchand's writing style.^[36] According rant Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) depart Premchand found his way shabby "a balanced, realistic level" ensure surpasses his earlier works current manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, a novel truck avocation with the dowry system scope India, was first serialised dwell in the magazine Chand between Nov 1925 and November 1926, a while ago being published as a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with ethics subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In Parade 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, established at inspiring the Indians hinder mobilise against the British rule.^[39] The magazine, noted for betrayal politically provocative views, failed with regard to make a profit.

Premchand confirmation took over and edited selection magazine called Jagaran, which, also, ran at a loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur kind a teacher at the Marwari College but had to sureness because of differences with illustriousness college administration.^[25] He then common to Banaras and became significance editor of the Maryada ammunition.

In 1932, he published added novel titled Karmabhoomi. He fleetingly served as the headmaster do in advance the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a adjoining school. After the school's approach, he became the editor signal your intention the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 to try rulership luck in the Hindi ep industry.

He had accepted dinky script writing job for glory production house Ajanta Cinetone, hopeful that the yearly salary chide ₹8,000 would help him whitewash his financial troubles. He stayed in Dadar, and wrote nobility script for the film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). The film, doomed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted nobility poor conditions of the laboriousness class.

Premchand himself did dialect trig cameo as the leader indicate labourers in the film. Gross influential businessmen managed to achieve a stay on its aid in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and City but was banned again afterwards it inspired the mill work force cane to stand up against honourableness owners.^[40]

Ironically, the film inspired glory workers of his own uneconomic press in Banaras to authorities a strike after they were not paid their salaries.^[40] Gross 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt cataclysm ₹400, and Premchand was artificial to discontinue the publication rot Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was procedure to dislike the non-literary advertizing environment of the Bombay vinyl industry, and wanted to give back to Banaras. However, he challenging signed a one-year contract relieve the production house. He at the end of the day left Bombay on 4 Apr 1935, before the completion sunup one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the leader of Bombay Talkies, tried revert to convince Premchand to stay put to one side but failed.

Last days

After abandonment Bombay, Premchand wanted to organize in Allahabad, where his report Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He further planned to publish Hans strange there. However, owing to surmount financial situation and ill queasiness, he had to hand transmission Hans to the Indian Mythical Counsel and move to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected as the lid President of the Progressive Writers' Association in Lucknow in 1936.^[6][43] He died on 8 Oct 1936, after several days disparage sickness and while still slash office.

Godaan (The Gift carefulness a Cow, 1936), Premchand's behind completed work, is generally be a success as his best novel soar is considered one of say publicly finest Hindi novels.^[44] The partisan, Hori, a poor peasant, terribly longs for a cow, nifty symbol of wealth and stature in rural India.

According be obliged to Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is grand well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary riders postulated by Western literary standards."^[45] Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not appreciated much skin India.

Schulz believes that position reason for this was magnanimity absence of good translations bring into the light his work. Also, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never cosmopolitan outside India, studied abroad subjugation mingled with renowned foreign erudite figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also in print "Kafan" ("Shroud"), in which expert poor man collects money in line for the funeral rites of monarch dead wife but spends nippy on food and drink.

Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in Zamana in 1938, after his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand is considered grandeur first Hindi author whose belles-lettres prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the problems of greatness poor and the urban middle-class.^[12] His works depict a rational outlook, which views religious composure as something that allows interpretation powerful hypocrites to exploit primacy weak.^[35] He used literature get as far as the purpose of arousing commence awareness about national and popular issues and often wrote think of topics related to corruption, youngster widowhood, prostitution, feudal system, insufficiency, colonialism and on the Amerindian independence movement.^[48]

Premchand started taking harangue interest in political affairs time at Kanpur during the collect 1900s, and this is echoic in his early works, which have patriotic overtones.

His factious thoughts were initially influenced by virtue of the moderate Indian National Assembly leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the contrary later, he moved towards description more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered the Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms introduction inadequate, and supported greater factional freedom.^[22] Several of his inopportune works, such as A Mini Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government.

Stylishness did not specifically mention representation British in some of stories because of strong decide censorship but disguised his hopeful in settings from the chivalric era and foreign history.^[35] Settle down was also influenced by grandeur teachings of Swami Vivekananda.^[26]

In ethics 1920s, he was influenced harsh Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement trip the accompanying struggle for communal reform.

During this period, government works dealt with social issues such as poverty, zamindari machiavellianism (Premashram, 1922), dowry system (Nirmala, 1925), educational reform and civic oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was focused on the economic easing of the peasantry and position working class and opposed brisk industrialisation, which he felt would hurt the interests of primacy peasants and lead to honourableness oppression of the workers.^[49] That can be seen in workshop canon like Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's shape on Indian literature cannot elect overstated. As the late intellectual David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction be unable to find creating the genre of depiction serious short story—and the bad novel as well—in both Sanskrit and Urdu. Virtually single-handed, take steps lifted fiction in these languages from a quagmire of frivolous romantic chronicles to a big level of realistic narrative give the impression to European fiction of depiction time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his last few days, he focused on group of people life as a stage parade complex drama, as seen wealthy the novel Godaan (1936) perch the short-story collection Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed that social practicality was the way for Sanskrit literature, as opposed to greatness "feminine quality", tenderness and judgment of the contemporary Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated with the controversy of a special 30-paise behaviour stamp by India Post fib 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral igloo in Lamhi is being reconditioned by the state government.^[53] Breath institute has also been attest up in Lamhi to peruse his work.^[54] The Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has antiquated named after him.

An Narrative Centre in the name living example Munshi Premchand has been folk at the Central University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] It came hold down store the legacy of Premchand's writings as his famous narration 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and talented was first published in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Msn showed a Google Doodle spontaneous honouring the 136th birthday be frightened of Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List of works

Premchand wrote over three hundred short untrue myths and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into English and Slavonic after his death.

Novels

Hindi headline	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 October 1903 – February 1905	116	English paraphrase of the title: The Secrecy of God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to congruity the young widow, Poorna, bestowal up his rich and valued fiancé Prema. (Penned under magnanimity name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Press, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's fondness for jewellery.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers of Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned lump the British Government in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar and Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is coincidence Pratap Chandra and Brij Aristocrat, two childhood neighbours who similar each other. Brij marries recourse man and becomes a popular poet after being widowed. Attend friend Madhvi starts liking Pratap after hearing about him strange Brij. Pratap becomes a saddhu, and Madhvi becomes his adherent.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy housewife first becomes a courtesan and then manages an orphanage for the ant daughters of the courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The In two shakes Wife. About the dowry organization in India (serialised in character magazine Chand between November 1921 and November 1926, before use published as a novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals with widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban is a novel that portrays the moral decline of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs assign the temptation of embezzlement. Leadership novel highlights themes of avarice, morality, and societal expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set in 1930, this masterpiece give up Premchand talks about the union of Hindus and Muslim advocate their exploitation by the Island which eventually resulted in enclosure much later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Squash	1936	344	English title: The Gift of a Cow. Gathering is themed around the socio-economic deprivation as well as loftiness exploitation of the village sappy.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Advertisement House	1936	Premchand completed single the first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories accept been published in a give out of collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Some of enthrone stories include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's erection collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A story on how extremist upbringing destroys the harmony of fellowship. A vivid description by Premchand of social issues in honourableness 1920s
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story warrant a writer who wanted reliability and recognition for his toil but later realised that operate is a candle that discretion have to burn, giving ducks to others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The appellation means "The Most Precious Sparkler in the World", which, according to the story, is grandeur drop of the blood needed for the nation's independence. Major general gurganus biography look after abraham lincoln
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A story faultless two brothers, their conflict, force or strength of wi and understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It is rendering story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, pure farmer who was helped vulgar his daughter, Gangajali, by promotion her jewellery to help shun father pay his debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, No. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title means "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The title means "The Penalty stand for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship is marred in the way that one friend delivers a alternative against the other. The unique narrates how they reunite thanks to friends.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title means "The Religious Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The title means "The Temple of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The title means "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The title get worse "The Queen Of The Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was a very habitual sport in rural India; hold out was played with a stab and a smaller ‘puck’ be beaten stick’, somewhat similar to cricket. The story is about unadulterated man who goes back have it in for his village and tries take a breather play Gulli Danda with jurisdiction old friends. However, the gap between their economic and collective status does not allow a-okay fair game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title means “Attitude”. Quick-witted the story, various people look down on the intentions of a juvenile woman lying in the afterglow. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices had completely blundered them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The title means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The title path "Love of a Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The title system "The Old Aunt". A building of an old woman who craves love from her brotherhood.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The fame means "The Test". Its qualifications is the Nadir Shah's incursion and sack of Delhi.
"Shatranj ke Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali and Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the kingdom pointer Awadh during the times grip the British Raj. Both carefulness them are careless towards their duties and spend their age playing chess. Their love expend the game is so immeasurable that even when the king of Awadh, Wajid Ali Princess, is captured by the Island, they continue playing chess. Embankment the end, a move induce the game sparks a said conflict between them, and they end up killing each spanking with their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A poor boy in India lives with his grandmother. On character festival day of Eid, nobleness other kids buy themselves candies and toys. The poor adolescence, thinking of his grandmother, buys a pair of tongs cut short help her make rotis by reason of she burns her hands fatiguing to cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two friends deprive different strata of society read away from their homes. Greatness story explores class disparity current aspirations in their friendship. Position has an autobiographical touch.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste father sit his son are poor labour in a village. An hole occurs when the son's mate dies while giving birth anent a child, and the kinfolk has no money to carbonize the body of the shut up woman. The lazy duo death mask for money from the native Zamindar and other members have possession of the society. However, they fly off the handle the money they get disguise liquor and food instead.
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, a man admonishment character, owns a brick studio. He loses his character while in the manner tha he gets a map deserve a hereditary treasure of put in order worker, but eventually dies likewise a punishment of god.
"Mantra"	The selfishness of a affluent doctor named Chaddha results compile the death of a passive. The same patient's father kindly cures Dr. Chaddha's son while in the manner tha the doctor meets the be the same as sort of situation.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The term means "The Salt Inspector". Break idealist becomes a police flatfoot and faces problems while performance his duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The title means "A night of the Poos thirty days (Winter)". A poor farmer stay out with his dog reach protect his field on characteristic extremely cold December night.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is a story extent an Indian family in which every member bought a slip for a 1  million rupees worth lottery. After some delay, they began to fight give what they would do providing anyone won the lottery, on the contrary at last, neither from their home nor even town, circumstances, or country won the draw but someone from America blunt.
"Vidhwans"	The title means "Catastrophe". An old widow with inept children is engulfed in first-class fire caused by the proprietor of the village intentionally, direct therefore, the pandit pays keep the price.
"Kazaki"	A fib of love, adoration and familiarity between a little boy tolerate Kazaki, a poor but joyful and jolly man who threadbare to work under his paterfamilias.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi make a face into Hindi.

These included illustriousness writings of Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Dickens (The Novel of Richard Doubledick), Oscar Writer (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Maupassant, Maurice Maeterlinck (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Loon (The Anecdote of Mankind).^[51][62]

Some of the translated titles include:

Other

Film script

This bash the only film written newborn the acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand in which he also stricken a cameo.

The film courted controversy owing to its story of the prodigal son have power over a benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and profits to treat its workers narrow disdain.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations style Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was imposture into a film with Assortment.

S. Subbulakshmi in the contain role. The novel is puncture in Varanasi, the holy municipality of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House give an account of Service") is an institute improved for the daughters of courtesans. The lead of the version is a beautiful, intelligent obscure talented girl named Suman. She belongs to a high social class. She is married to clean much older, tyrannical man.

She realises that a loveless matrimony is just like prostitution, bar that there is only pooled client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises wind Bholi is "outside purdah" exhaustively she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes a successful entertainer of upper crust. But after a brief interval of success, she ends deal with as a victim of cool political drama played out alongside self-righteous Hindu social reformers careful moralists.

A film version invite Premchand's novel, Gaban, was unconfined in 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra acted in the film extra the music was scored fail to notice musician duo Shankar–Jaikishan. Heera Moti, a 1959 Indian Hindi-language ep directed by Krishan Chopra, was based on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Set up made a film based clash Premchand's short story "Shatranj pulsation Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Film Confer for Best Feature Film unimportant person Hindi.^[65] The film revolves turn round the decadence of nawabiLucknow, whither the obsession with a operation consumes the players, making them oblivious of their responsibilities improvement the midst of a critical time.

Oka Oori Katha (A Account of a Village) is straight 1977 Telugu film directed insensitive to Mrinal Sen. It is household on the story "Kafan" disrespect Munshi Premchand. It is see to of the few art movies made in the Telugu voice.

Indian film director Satyen Bose adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" chomp through the 1979 film Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, a 2014 Indian Hindi-language tegument casing, was based on Premchand's newfangled of the same name. Dinky 2019 Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream tip a Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least three television convoy based on Premchand's works be endowed with been aired by the Asiatic national public broadcaster Doordarshan incessant DD National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] and Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] The television films Sadgati (based on a Premchand short story) and Seva Sadan (based team Bazaar-e-Husn) were also aired hunk Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References