Thomas hardy writer biography

English novelist and poet (1840–1928)

For other uses, see Thomas Athletic (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and lyricist. A Victorian realist in say publicly tradition of George Eliot, recognized was influenced both in coronet novels and in his 1 by Romanticism, including the 1 of William Wordsworth.^[1] He was highly critical of much outer shell Victorian society, especially on character declining status of rural dynasty in Britain such as those from his native South Westerly England.

While Hardy wrote metrical composition throughout his life and considered himself primarily as a versemaker, his first collection was arrange published until 1898. Initially, subside gained fame as the creator of novels such as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895).

During his lifetime, Hardy's method was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who rumoured him as a mentor. Afterward his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, Powerless. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.^[2]

Many of his novels concern sad characters struggling against their consciousness and social circumstances, and they are often set in blue blood the gentry semi-fictional region of Wessex; originally based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to include the counties blame Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, County and much of Berkshire, pop into south-west and south central England.

Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBC's survey Greatness Big Read.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a lay in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where her highness father Thomas (1811–1892) worked chimp a stonemason and local creator.

His parents had married unexpected defeat Melbury Osmond on 22 Dec 1839.^[5] His mother, Jemima (née Hand; 1813–1904),^[6] was well peruse, and she educated Thomas in a holding pattern he went to his chief school at Bockhampton at class age of eight. For a sprinkling years he attended Mr.

Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen counter Dorchester, where he learned Dweller and demonstrated academic potential.^[7]

Because Hardy's family lacked the means select a university education, his reserved education ended at the flinch of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, practised local architect.^[8] He worked preview the design of the advanced church at nearby Athelhampton, on holiday just opposite Athelhampton House pivot he painted a watercolour be fooled by the Tudor gatehouse while appointment his father, who was repairing the masonry of the columbary.

He moved to London layer 1862 where he enrolled on account of a student at King's Academy London. He won prizes deviate the Royal Institute of Island Architects and the Architectural Sect. He joined Arthur Blomfield's tradition as assistant architect in Apr 1862 and worked with Blomfield on Christ Church, East Glint Richmond, London where the minaret collapsed in 1863, and Wrestling match Saints' parish church in City, Berkshire, in 1862–64.

A screen, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at Depreciation Saints' in August 2016.^[9][10] Pressure the mid-1860s, Hardy was disintegration charge of the excavation walk up to part of the graveyard virtuous St Pancras Old Church already its destruction when the Interior Railway was extended to a- new terminus at St Pancras.^[11]

Hardy never felt at home hassle London, because he was sapiently conscious of class divisions avoid his own feelings of group inferiority.

During this time sand became interested in social transfer and the works of Bathroom Stuart Mill. He was exotic by his Dorset friend Poet Moule to the works slow Charles Fourier and Auguste Philosopher. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures emancipation despair, and in 1924 agreed declared that "my pages puton harmony of view with" Mill.^[12] He was also attracted manage Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane generous freethinker.^[13]

After five years, concerned concern his health, he returned squeeze Dorset, settling in Weymouth, survive decided to dedicate himself anticipate writing.

Personal

In 1870, while school an architectural mission to maintain the parish church of Actions Juliot in Cornwall,^[14] Hardy fall over and fell in love deal with Emma Gifford, whom he ringed on 17 September 1874, pressurize St Peter's Church, Paddington, London.^{[15][16][17][18]} The couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) own a year.

In 1885 Poet and his wife moved happen to Max Gate in Dorchester, boss house designed by Hardy advocate built by his brother. Even supposing they became estranged, Emma's humanity in 1912 had a shocking effect on him and Robust made a trip to County after her death to meeting place places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect set upon her death.

In 1914, Brawny married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 his junior. He remained sidetracked with his first wife's grip and tried to overcome wreath remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he held a Wire Fox Terrier called Wessex, who was notoriously bad-tempered. Wessex's grave stone can enter found on the Max Door grounds.^[19][20]

In 1910, Hardy had archaic appointed a Member of magnanimity Order of Merit and was also for the first leave to another time nominated for the Nobel Adore in Literature.

He was selected again for the prize 11 years later and received span total of 25 nominations inconclusive 1927.^[21][22] He was at smallest amount once, in 1923, one last part the final candidates for rendering prize, but was not awarded.^[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest bond the theatre dated from loftiness 1860s.

He corresponded with diversified would-be adapters over the discretion, including Robert Louis Stevenson dependably 1886 and Jack Grein jaunt Charles Jarvis in the dress decade.^[24] Neither adaptation came respect fruition, but Hardy showed agreed was potentially enthusiastic about specified a project.

One play ramble was performed, however, caused him a certain amount of prick. His experience of the argumentation and lukewarm critical reception put off had surrounded his and Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far unearth the Madding Crowd in 1882 left him wary of nobleness damage that adaptations could excel to his literary reputation.

Deadpan, in 1908, he so willingly and enthusiastically became involved get used to a local amateur group, pleasing the time known as representation Dorchester Dramatic and Debating Community, but that would become description Hardy Players. His reservations disagree with adaptations of his novels intended he was initially at manifold pains to disguise his involution in the play.^[25] However, class international success^[26] of the exert, The Trumpet Major, led disparagement a long and successful approtionment between Hardy and the Formation over the remaining years several his life.

Indeed, his throw The Famous Tragedy of grandeur Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) was intended to be performed by loftiness Hardy Players.^[27]

Later years

From the Eighties, Hardy became increasingly involved slender campaigns to save ancient facility from destruction, or destructive improvement, and he became an awkward member of the Society desire the Protection of Ancient Efficiency.

His correspondence refers to tiara unsuccessful efforts to prevent important alterations to the parish cathedral at Puddletown, close to diadem home at Max Gate. Operate became a frequent visitor ignore Athelhampton House, which he knew from his teenage years, extort in his letters he pleased the owner, Alfred Cart party Lafontaine, to conduct the resurrection of that building in a-okay sensitive way.

In 1914, Durable was one of 53 luminous British authors—including H. G. Author, Rudyard Kipling and Sir Character Conan Doyle—who signed their take advantage of to the "Authors' Declaration", serving as an excuse Britain's involvement in the Foremost World War. This manifesto avowed that the German invasion be a witness Belgium had been a fiery crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in rendering present war."^[28] Hardy was afraid by the destruction caused bypass the war, pondering that "I do not think a universe in which such fiendishness bash possible to be worth magnanimity saving" and "better to license to western 'civilization' perish, and reduction the black and yellow races have a chance."^[29] He wrote to John Galsworthy that "the exchange of international thought even-handed the only possible salvation on the world."^[29]

Shortly after helping get in touch with excavate the Fordington mosaic, Sturdy became ill with pleurisy deduct December 1927 and died destiny Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having necessary his final poem to monarch wife on his deathbed; significance cause of death was hollow, on his death certificate, little "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory norm.

His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, ahead it proved a controversial occurrence because Hardy had wished collect his body to be pushing up the daisies at Stinsford in the corresponding grave as his first better half, Emma. His family and group concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that inaccuracy be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner.

A agreement was reached whereby his completely was buried at Stinsford exempt Emma, and his ashes knock over Poets' Corner.^[30] Hardy's estate pocketsized death was valued at £95,418 (equivalent to £7,300,000 in 2023).^[31]

Shortly end Hardy's death, the executors possession his estate burnt his script and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one of them together with notes and extracts of paper stories from the 1820s, contemporary research into these has not up to scratch insight into how Hardy sentimental them in his works.

Decency opening chapter of The Politician of Casterbridge, for example, handwritten in 1886, was based intensification press reports of wife-selling.^[32] Have as a feature the year of his complete Mrs Hardy published The Badly timed Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled largely from contemporary acclimatize, letters, diaries and biographical message, as well as from put into words information in conversations extending go bad many years.

Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,^[33]John Sawbones Powys and Virginia Woolf.^[34] Interpose his autobiography Good-Bye to Wrestling match That (1929), Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset birth the early 1920s and degree Hardy received him and coronet new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.

Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and climax house Max Gate, both redraft Dorchester, are owned by honesty National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's first fresh, The Poor Man and integrity Lady, finished by 1867, aborted to find a publisher. Illegal then showed it to authority mentor and friend, the Breakable poet and novelist George Novelist, who felt that The Sentimental Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial shaft might damage Hardy's ability hold forth publish in the future.

And above Hardy followed his advice plus he did not try supplemental to publish it. He in short destroyed the manuscript, but spineless some of the ideas happening his later work.^[35] In consummate recollections in Life and Work, Hardy described the book in the same way "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; yet not argumentatively so."^[36]

After inaccuracy abandoned his first novel, Durable wrote two new ones depart he hoped would have very commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was from the past working on the latter meander he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.^[35] Intrude 1873 A Pair of Dispirited Eyes, a novel drawing portrait Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own label.

A plot device popularised because of Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version lecture A Pair of Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine mid September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, song of the protagonists, is sinistral literally hanging off a cliff.^[37][38] Elements of Hardy's fiction remark the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of significance 1860s, particularly the legal obligations in novels such as Desperate Remedies (1871), Far from honesty Madding Crowd (1874) and Two on a Tower (1882).^[39]

In Far from the Madding Crowd, Flourishing first introduced the idea take up calling the region in honourableness west of England, where enthrone novels are set, Wessex.

Wessex had been the name accord an early Saxon kingdom, unadorned approximately the same part accept England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough propound Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a legendary career. Over the next 25 years, Hardy produced 10 complicate novels.

Subsequently, Hardy moved strip London to Yeovil, and hence to Sturminster Newton, where elegance wrote The Hand of Ethelberta (1876) and The Return admire the Native (1878).^[40] In 1880, Hardy published his only verifiable novel, The Trumpet-Major.

The catch on year, in 1881, A Laodicean was published. A further excise to Wimborne saw Hardy commit to paper Two on a Tower, in print in 1882, a romance gag set in the world acquire astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last lifetime, to Max Gate, a platform outside Dorchester designed by Sturdy and built by his relative. There he wrote The Politician of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887) and Tess of distinction d'Urbervilles (1891), the last business which attracted criticism for spoil sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman", and initially it was refused publication.

Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle tutelage.

Jude the Obscure, published pulse 1895, was the last new written by Hardy. It was met with an even drunk negative response from the Queasy public because of its polemical treatment of sex, religion obtain marriage.

Its apparent attack fraudster the institution of marriage caused strain on Hardy's already unruly marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as biography. Some booksellers sold the original in brown paper bags, queue Walsham How, the Bishop contempt Wakefield, is reputed to imitate burnt his copy.^[32] In rulership postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident laugh part of the career personal the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press loom over next misfortune was to remark burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair encounter not being able to blaze me".^[41] Despite this, Hardy difficult to understand become a celebrity by magnanimity 1900s, but some argue saunter he gave up writing novels because of the criticism indicate both Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.^[42] On the contrary, in a March 1928 bite in the Bookman that posthumously printed interviews with Hardy, sharptasting is quoted as saying delay, in addition to the veto publicity, he chose to site writing novels because "I not in any way cared very much about scrawl novels" and "I had impenetrable quite enough novels."^[43]

The Well-Beloved, pull it off serialised in 1892 and foreordained before Jude the Obscure, was the last of Hardy's xiv novels to be published, buy 1897.

Literary themes

Considered a Demure realist, Hardy examines the general constraints on the lives sustaining those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, same those relating to marriage, training and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Much unhappiness, and the suffering imitate brings, is seen by versifier Philip Larkin as central unsavory Hardy's works:

What is leadership intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is overbearing sensible?

In my view vicious circle is suffering, or sadness, favour extended consideration of the nucleus of suffering in Hardy's run away with should be the first unskillful of the true critic demand which the work is termination waiting [...] Any approach connection his work, as to woman writer's work, must seek foremost of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which imaginative note he strikes ascendant plangently, and to deny avoid in this case it deterioration the sometimes gentle, sometimes ironical, sometimes bitter but always non-aggressive apprehension of suffering is, Beside oneself think, wrong-headed.^[44]

In Two on deft Tower, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these book of society with a forgery of love that crosses primacy boundaries of class.

The client is forced to reconsider prestige conventions set up by community for the relationships between troops body and women. Nineteenth-century society locked away conventions, which were enforced. Stop in full flow this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against much contemporary social constraints.

In well-organized novel structured around contrasts, honesty main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented likewise binary figures in a pile of ways: aristocratic and mute class, youthful and mature, singular and married, fair and blind, religious and agnostic...she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply humorous, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has accomplished social status through his methodical work, which gives rise quick uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.^[45]

Fate or chance is another chief theme.

Hardy's characters often proximate crossroads on a journey, ingenious junction that offers alternative carnal destinations but which is as well symbolic of a point clean and tidy opportunity and transition, further suggestive of that fate is at industry. Far from the Madding Crowd is an example of trig novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, challenging Fanny not missed her confarreation, for example, the story would have taken an entirely distinguishable path."^[46] Indeed, Hardy's main note often seem to be set aside in fate's overwhelming grip.

Poetry

In 1898, Hardy published his greatest volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems deadly over 30 years. While thick-skinned suggest that Hardy gave vibrant writing novels following the unbalanced criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896, the poet Byword.

H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".^[42][47] In righteousness twentieth century Hardy published one poetry.

Thomas Hardy published Poems of the Past and influence Present in 1901, which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally gentle "The Century's End"), one point toward his best known poems be almost the turn of the century.^[48]

Thomas Hardy wrote in a full amount variety of poetic forms, as well as lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues and dialogue, as well restructuring a three-volume epic closet stage production The Dynasts (1904–08),^[49] and in spite of in some ways a as well traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,^[50] he "was never conventional," existing "persistently experiment[ed] with different, oftentimes invented, stanza forms and metres,"^[51] and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".^[52]

In copperplate re-evaluation of The Dynasts bit 2006 Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual work desert allowed him [Hardy] to examine what he had noticed brake human beings over the cover ambitious canvas that he difficult ever attempted, should stand middle his greatest achievements."^[53]

Hardy wrote fine number of significant war rhyming that relate to both leadership Boer Wars and World Fighting I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking recognize Nations'" and "The Man Soil Killed"; his work had trig profound influence on other hostilities poets such as Rupert Poet and Siegfried Sassoon.^[54] Hardy explain these poems often used decency viewpoint of ordinary soldiers nearby their colloquial speech.^[54] A argument in the Wessex Poems equitable the long shadow that nobleness Napoleonic Wars cast over interpretation 19th century, as seen, sustenance example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".^[55] The Napoleonic Combat is the subject of The Dynasts.

Some of Hardy's auxiliary famous poems are from Poems 1912–13, which later became summit of Satires of Circumstance (1914), written following the death characteristic his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged insinuate 20 years, and these rhythmical poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".^[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" most important others from this collection "are by general consent regarded considerably the peak of his elegiac achievement".^[49] In a 2007 chronicle on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a in actuality great English poet after class death of his first little woman Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as amidst "the finest and strangest accounts of the dead in To one\'s face poetry."^[56]

Many of Hardy's poems dole out with themes of disappointment neat love and life, and "the perversity of fate", presenting these themes with "a carefully obsessed elegiac feeling".^[57]Irony is an portentous element in a number a choice of Hardy's poems, including "The Mortal He Killed" and "Are Support Digging on My Grave".^[55] Topping few of Hardy's poems, much as "The Blinded Bird", deft melancholy polemic against the convey of vinkenzetting, reflect his assert stance against animal cruelty, outward in his antivivisectionist views obtain his membership in the Exchange a few words Society for the Prevention drug Cruelty to Animals.^[58]

Although his poesy were initially not as athletic received as his novels esoteric been, Hardy is now constituted as one of the collection poets of the 20th 100, and his verse had spruce profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W.

Whirl. Auden, Dylan Thomas and Prince Larkin.^[52] Larkin included 27 poetry by Hardy compared with solitary nine by T. S. Writer in his edition of The Oxford Book of Twentieth c English Verse in 1973.^[59] Prevalent were fewer poems by Unshielded. B. Yeats.^[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and English Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to continuous poetic tradition at length ray in creative depth.

Davie's observer Thom Gunn also wrote all ears Hardy and acknowledged his standing and example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's kinship was Anglican, but not specially devout. He was baptised trite the age of five weeks and attended church, where jurisdiction father and uncle contributed figure up music.

He did not attendant the local Church of England school, instead being sent surrounding Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young grown up, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a academic architect, and who was putting in order alertn for adult baptism in decency Baptist Church.

Hardy flirted tally conversion, but decided against it.^[61] Bastow went to Australia enjoin maintained a long correspondence relieve Hardy, but eventually Hardy dead beat of these exchanges and blue blood the gentry correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.

The irony and struggles of believable, coupled with his naturally fantastical mind, led him to issue the traditional Christian view be a devotee of God:

The Christian God – leadership external personality – has been replaced by the intelligence of honesty First Cause...the replacement of character old concept of God rightfully all-powerful by a new idea of universal consciousness.

The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of upturn and 'ultimately, it is give up be hoped, sympathetic'.^[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for adulthood, often unable to reach cool consensus.

Once, when asked come out of correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. A. B. Grosart, about character question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal entity with "the absolute goodness instruct non-limitation of God",^[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets that crystal-clear is unable to offer unpolished hypothesis which would reconcile rank existence of such evils whilst Dr.

Grosart describes with prestige idea of omnipotent goodness. Conceivably Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view observe the universe by the latterly published Life of Darwin stand for the works of Herbert Philosopher and other agnostics.^[64]

Hardy frequently planned of, and wrote about, preternatural forces, particularly those that regulate the universe through indifference pollute caprice, a force he cryed The Immanent Will.

He besides showed in his writing dried up degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.^[64] Even so, purify retained a strong emotional air to the Christian liturgy status church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that difficult been such a formative pressure in his early years, abstruse Biblical references can be make ineffective woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.

Hardy's friends during cap apprenticeship to John Hicks aim Horace Moule (one of birth eight sons of Henry Moule) and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend wages Hardy's for the rest methodical his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings think it over cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,^[65] such gorilla those of Gideon Mantell.

Moule gave Hardy a copy chide Mantell's book The Wonders enterprise Geology (1848) in 1858, snowball Adelene Buckland has suggested wander there are "compelling similarities" amidst the "cliffhanger" section from A Pair of Blue Eyes extremity Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that significance character of Henry Knight wealthy A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.^[66]

Throughout his life, Hardy sought neat rationale for believing in differentiation afterlife or a timeless continuance, turning first to spiritualists, specified as Henri Bergson, and corroboration to Albert Einstein and Specify.

M. E. McTaggart, considering their philosophy on time and extension in relation to immortality.^[67]

Locations demonstrate novels

Sites associated with Hardy's allencompassing life and which inspired decency settings of his novels carry on to attract literary tourists delighted casual visitors.

For locations compromise Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex^[68] research site, which includes maps.^[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell esteem Wenlock Abbey and many assess Lady Catherine's books are effusive by Hardy, who was to a great extent fond of her.^[70]

D.

H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1914, first published 1936) indicates justness importance of Hardy for him, even though this work enquiry a platform for Lawrence's senseless developing philosophy rather than clean more standard literary study. Loftiness influence of Hardy's treatment flaxen character, and Lawrence's own take to the central metaphysic shake off many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development be more or less The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920).^[71]

Wood and Stone (1915), the first novel unhelpful John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration resurrect the greatest poet and penny-a-liner of our age Thomas Hardy".^[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle (1936) is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, take was intended by Powys space be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.^[73]Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1932) and Weymouth Sands (1934), which are set in Somerset tell Dorset.^[74]

Hardy was clearly the unprecedented point for the character corporeal the novelist Edward Driffield gather W.

Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1930).^[75] Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently prank the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette lecture Boo (1985), in which ingenious graduate thesis analysing Tess emblematic the d'Urbervilles is interspersed run off with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.^[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable Truthfully composers, including Gerald Finzi,^[77][78]Benjamin Britten,^[79]Ralph Vaughan Williams^[80] and Gustav Holst^[81] set poems by Hardy calculate music.

Others include Holst's maid Imogen Holst, John Ireland,^[82]Muriel Musician, Ivor Gurney and Robin Milford.^[83] Orchestral tone poems which annul the landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's Mai-Dun (1921) topmost Holst's Egdon Heath: A High esteem to Thomas Hardy (1927).

Hardy has been a significant potency on Nigel Blackwell, frontman receive the post-punk British rock buckle Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Sound into his song lyrics.^[84][85]

Works

Prose

In 1912, Hardy divided his novels distinguished collected short stories into troika classes:^[86]

Novels of character and environment

Romances and fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy also result as a be revealed minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration meet Florence Henniker.^[87] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones understand above, is A Changed Checker and Other Tales (1913).

Jurisdiction works have been collected despite the fact that the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Path (1919–20). His largely self-written story appears under his second wife's name in two volumes getaway 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Durable, 1840–91 and The Later Life-span of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, straightaway published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life existing Work of Thomas Hardy, insult by Michael Millgate (1984).

Short stories

(with date of first publication)

• "How I Built Myself clean House" (1865)
• "Destiny and a Low-spirited Cloak" (1874)
• "The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)
• "The Duchess concede Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Distressed Preacher" (1879) (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in A Group of Courtly Dames)
• "What the Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in A Changed Civil servant and Other Stories)
• "A Tradition living example Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected well-off Wessex Tales)
• "The Romantic Adventures dressing-down a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected prickly A Changed Man and Blot Stories)
• "Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Tarn swimming bath Interlude" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in A Denaturised Man and Other Stories)
• "Alicia's Diary" (1887) (collected in A Discrepant Man and Other Stories)
• "The Hold-up Supper" (1887–88) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected superimpose Wessex Tales)
• "A Tragedy of Yoke Ambitions" (1888) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The First Countess disregard Wessex" (1889) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Anna, Dame Baxby" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Chick Icenway" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in A Course group of Noble Dames)
• "The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in A Assembly of Noble Dames)
• "The Marchioness explain Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Barbara as a result of the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in A Group longawaited Noble Dames)
• "The Melancholy Hussar assiduousness The German Legion" (1890) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Absent-Mindedness make known a Parish Choir" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Incident in the Assured of Mr.

  George Crookhill" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)

• "The Doctor's Legend" (1891)
• "Andrey Satchel increase in intensity the Parson and Clerk" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The History of the Hardcomes" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891) (collected minute Life's Little Ironies)
• "On the Gothic Circuit" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891) (collected in Life's Tiny Ironies)
• "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "To Please His Wife" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Old Andrey's Experience on account of a Musician" (1891) (collected fluky Life's Little Ironies)
• "Our Exploits Watch West Poley" (1892–93)
• "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected problem Wessex Tales, 1896 edition)
• "The Shade of the Real" (1894)
• "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man cope with Other Stories)
• "The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in A Changed Mortal and Other Stories)
• "The Grave exceed the Handpost" (1897) (collected advise A Changed Man and Joker Stories)
• "A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man unthinkable Other Stories)
• "Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in A Changed Gentleman and Other Stories)
• "Blue Jimmy: Interpretation Horse Stealer" (1911)
• "Old Mrs.

  Chundle" (1929)

• "The Unconquerable"(1992)

Poetry collections

• Wessex Poems brook Other Verses (1898)
• Poems of justness Past and the Present (1901)
• Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
• Satires of Circumstance (1914)
• Moments of Vision (1917)
• Collected Poems (1919)
• Late Lyrics view Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
• Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
• Winter Words explain Various Moods and Metres (1928)
• The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)
• Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)
• Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Satchel Poets, 1995)
• Thomas Hardy: Selected Plan and Nonfictional Prose (St.

  Martin's Press, 1996)

• Selected Poems (Edited outdo Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)
• Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited encourage James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)

Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy^[88] resort to Poetry Foundation and Poems from one side to the ot Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com^[89]

Drama

• The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the Bloodshed with Napoleon (verse drama)
  • The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
  • The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
  • The Dynasts, Measurement 3 (1908)
• The Famous Tragedy time off the Queen of Cornwall mop up Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)

References